在國(guó)外大學(xué)課堂學(xué)習(xí)中,某些時(shí)候你的老師(Lecturer)給的閱讀或者學(xué)習(xí)材料其實(shí)是某些人或者一些人對(duì)于一件事情的解讀或者理解,甚至有時(shí)候一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的事實(shí),它可能實(shí)際上是一個(gè)人對(duì)一組信息的解釋。你的老師可能會(huì)要求你去驗(yàn)證這個(gè)解讀,去支持或者反駁他,同時(shí)可能會(huì)要求你去提供一些你自己的新觀點(diǎn)。在Essay代寫中,你需要做的不僅僅是總結(jié)你所收集到的信息或復(fù)述課堂上討論過(guò)的事實(shí),更多的是要對(duì)這些材料形成一種觀點(diǎn)或解釋,并為你的論證(Argument)提供論證。
什么是論證?
國(guó)外Essay寫作中,論證通常是一個(gè)主要觀點(diǎn),通常被稱為論點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)陳述,并有證據(jù)支持這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。在大多數(shù)的大學(xué)論文中,你需要提出一些主張或者立場(chǎng),并使用證據(jù)來(lái)支持它并證明為什么你覺(jué)得這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是對(duì)的或者錯(cuò)的。在畢業(yè)論文中論證又可以被叫做你的研究問(wèn)題(Research Question)。學(xué)會(huì)去辯論或者提出反對(duì)意見(jiàn)其實(shí)對(duì)中國(guó)學(xué)生剛到國(guó)外來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)是個(gè)比較困難的事情,可能我們更擅長(zhǎng)的是展示一個(gè)描述性的觀點(diǎn)(Descriptive claim):
The two passages given describe the swamp in very different lights.Although they are in some ways familiar,the styles of the authors of these paragraphs are very different.(這兩篇文章以截然不同的方式描述了沼澤。雖然他們?cè)谀承┓矫媸窍嗤?,但這兩篇作者的寫作風(fēng)格是非常不同的。)
這種描述性的觀點(diǎn)由于只要求學(xué)生關(guān)注在文章內(nèi)容本身,學(xué)生只需要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容來(lái)說(shuō)出自己的觀點(diǎn),而不用借助別的文章或者觀點(diǎn)去支持你的論點(diǎn)。這也就達(dá)不到國(guó)外老師在寫作中要求的辯證性思維(critical thinking),也檢測(cè)不到你對(duì)整個(gè)知識(shí)的理解,因此分?jǐn)?shù)肯定就會(huì)很低。論證的方式
國(guó)外Essay寫作論證具體有哪幾種方式?
Making a claim
國(guó)外Essay寫作中論點(diǎn)通常不能只是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單或明顯的陳述,而是要求你對(duì)一件事或者一個(gè)人進(jìn)行論證。舉個(gè)例子;A student claimed that the Brazilian Samba was a slow graceful dance.關(guān)于如何提出claim,可以參考:Assignment服務(wù)如何提出Claims
這是一個(gè)好的論點(diǎn)嗎?顯然不是,因?yàn)樵诠雀柚竽銜?huì)發(fā)現(xiàn):Samba is actually a fast-paced,rhythmic,and lively dance.
一個(gè)好的論證通常需要選擇具有爭(zhēng)議(debatable)的事實(shí)或者現(xiàn)象,進(jìn)而來(lái)表現(xiàn)出你的立場(chǎng),可以是:
對(duì)一個(gè)事實(shí)或者理論:
Are student grades really measure achievement?
對(duì)一件事的價(jià)值的好壞的判斷:
Climate change will be the greatest geopolitical crisis of your lifetime.
對(duì)一個(gè)事情的因果關(guān)系的理解:
The new train that has been built,traveling from Beijing to Tibet.Many feel that this train will threaten the Tibetan culture and ancient way of life.
對(duì)一個(gè)問(wèn)題的解決方法:
Healthcare system does not adequately assist Americans(argue that this is a fact),they should be reformed(argue for the solution/policy).
有沒(méi)有覺(jué)得很像雅思大作文里的四個(gè)題型:
Agree or disagree?
Some believe that people should not continue to work once they reach the age of retirement.Do you agree or disagree?
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school programs(for example working for a charity,improving the neighbourhood or teaching sports to younger children).To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Reason and solution
In some countries the average weight of people is increasing and their levels of health and fitness are decreasing.What do you think are the causes of these problems and what measures could be taken to solve them?
Report
Some people claim that it is acceptable to use animals in medical research for the benefit of human beings,while others argue that it is wrong.Discuss both views and give your opinion.
如何寫國(guó)外Essay讓的論證看起來(lái)更合理有效?
縮小范圍keep it narrow
你的Essay的論證不僅僅只是一個(gè)陳述或者觀點(diǎn),更應(yīng)該涉及到so what?,就是為什么我們要關(guān)注到這個(gè)點(diǎn)。
舉個(gè)例子,如果這篇文章說(shuō)寫好學(xué)術(shù)論文的第一步就是要有個(gè)清晰的論證。The first step of writing an academic Essay is having a good argumentation.那你的論證應(yīng)該是什么呢?
我寫的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是:
I believe having a clear argumentation is the first step of writing a good academic Essay,because it can make the readers to be clear about your position in the Essay and easier to follow.
總結(jié)
我們今天討論了如何在國(guó)外Essay寫作中確立你的論證(Argumentation),這個(gè)是在國(guó)外寫學(xué)術(shù)論文最重要的一步,學(xué)會(huì)合理的論證和辯論不僅僅是你辯證性思考能力的體現(xiàn),更多的是你對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容的理解和靈活運(yùn)用。
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